2.
   2024
   

(    )
   3     100
:-     -    ,           
            
 -
1.     -    ?    
2.                
 -
3.         
4.             
 
5          
6.      -      
2.
-
7.     -   ?
8.                 ?
   2024
   

(    )
   3     100
:-     -    ,           
            
 -
1.     -    ?    
:                
 
         
,   , 
,  ,         
        ,      -  
 -  ,      
󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚 
󷃆󼽢
2.
  GDP               
           
    
        
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
     ₹300           
 140  , :
   = ₹300  / 140  = ₹2.14  
   , ,       ₹2.14 
  ( 
 
    )
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
2024 :
    GDP:  $2,400
    GDP:  $85,000  
    
         -       

󹵲󹵳󹵴󹵵󹵶󹵷  
󷃆󼽢
HDI                (UNDP)
    HDI   :
  ()
  (  )
 (  )
HDI  0  1     1   ,     
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
        :
  HDI: 0.961 ( )
  : 0.633 ()
 
          
 ,  -  
   
2.
󹲋󹲌󹲍󹲎󹲏󹲓󹲔󹲐󹲑󹲒
󷃆󼽢
      ,          
() '               

󼨐󼨑󼨒 
   NNI ₹280     140  ,  PCI = ₹2 
      PCI ₹60 ,      
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
  PCI   '   :
 : $1,135  
 : $1,136  $13,845
 : $13,845  
   --   
󷻂󷻃󷻄󷻅󷻆󷻇󷻈󷻉󷻀󷻁󻯊󻯋󼊵󼊶󻯌󷻑󻯍󼊷󼊸󷻕󷻖󷻚󷻛󷻗󼊳󻯎󻯏󻯐󼊴󼊹󷻋󷻌
󷃆󼽢
           , ,   , 
        
 
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
   100     , 30      
  -    30%

󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
2011 ,      21.9% 
2023 ,         10%     
  =  
󸦴󸅊󸅋󸅌󸅍󸅎󸅏󸦵󸦶󸦷󹁵󸦸󹁶󹁷󹁸󹁹󸅓󸦹󸦺󸦻󹁴󸦽󸦾󹁺󸦿󹁻󹁼󸧀󸧁󸧂󸧃󸧄 
2.
󷃆󼽢
                  
  '   ,   -    
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
    84   
 ,   () ,   54 
 
 ,         '   
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
   (2024): ~70 
    : ~84 
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂  
󷃆󼽢
                
 
            
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
     - 
,     

,     
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
    (2024):  77%
 (      ): 96%
 (  ): ~62%
󷉃󷉄  
󷃆󼽢
     ,            
   
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
       
      
 ,    
 ,       

2.
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
      GDI   ( )
  ,      30-40%  
 
󷆭󷆬  
󷃆󼽢
                  
    
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
               
   ,              ( 
    )
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
      (       )
             -    
    
󺠕󺠖󺠗󺠘󺠙󺠚󺠛󺠜󺠝󺠞   
󷃆󼽢
 , , ,       


󼨐󼨑󼨒 
  A       
,   B    ,   B  
,       
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
         ,   :
10  1      

 -         
󷃆󼽢
2.
     
      -  , , 
           -   
 
 
  
 
GDP

      

 (, ,
)
UNDP     
  
 

      
 


   
 

     
...

-    

 

- 
2.                
:-
      ,        
 
     ,       
   
  
  
    
 ,     '        ,   
              '  
     
 
            
 
󹻂 

        '         
       ,    '   

󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 
2.






































󷻀󷻁󷻂󷻃󷻄󷻅󷻆󷻇󷻈󷻉󸙥󸙦󸙤󸙧󷻋󷻌󷻍󷻎󷻏󷻐󷻑󷻒󷻓󷻔󷻕󷻖󷻗󷻘󷻙󷻚󷻛   
               ',    
    3       , 6     - , ,
, ,    
   3     ,       
 
    3   
   -    '  
    ,    

󷃆󹸃󹸄    
        
  
    
     ,   '   

         
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫 
     ,    45-50%      ,
  GDP   15-18%   
   
     
      ,   
  
󹻂 
"   "     .     , 
 "  "    
        ,       , 
    ', 
      

2.
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 


















-



-




,





-



,



'







󹙥󹙦󹗢󹗣󹗤󹗥󹗦󹗧󹗨󹗪󹘌󹘍󹙣󹙤󹗮󹗯󹗰󹗱󹙧󹗲󹗳󹗴󹗵󹗶󹗷󹗸  
             ,     
  '   
           
 ₹200   ,     - 
     
 
     '          
  
      
󷅤󷨉󷅔󷅥󷅦󷅗󷨊󷅘󷨋󷨌󷨍󷅙󷨎󷅚󷆃  
        :
1.   -  ,  ,  
2.   -, , 
  :
          
        
 
   ,         
󷃆󹸃󹸄   
     
           
      
 -    ,  ,    
 
2.
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫  
CMIE (    )  ,    
   40% ,   (15-29 )     18-
20% 
  90%    -   ,      
 

󺯑󺯒󺯓󺯔󺯕󺯖󺯗󺯘󺯙󺯚󺯛󺯜󺯝
   
    ,         :

    
    

  / 
 /-  


 
  ,    


   
      
 

   '   ' 
 

     

    
     "
"   
   (   '  )     ,   - 
    
       ,    
  
󼨐󼨑󼨒 

       
          

,       
      
2.
󽄵
1.         
2.       
3.       
4.           
5.          
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍

             
            ,  
                 
    
              ,
   ,   '   , 
    
             
 -
3.         
:     -  - 
󹺹󹺺  
 
""   ,  
  '         
  ,           ,   
 
  ,      ,       
    ,         
   
                 ,  
    -   ,   
             ,  

       
 
2.
󷷆󷷇󷷈  
1818    
"  "  " "    
      ,        
        
           -   '  ( )
  ()
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨   
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾     
      ,          
 ,                
   
  :
      1,000  
 ,     2,000 
   -    
    
  :
       ?
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾   


          
 
?
     
           
  (     )         
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
    ₹500   
        ,  ₹2000   
 ₹1500 (   )    -   ,    
   
2.
 ,               '
  ,        
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾      
             :
  (, ,   )    
 ( , ,  )          
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
2023        :
       1%    45%    
 ,    1%     
                
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾   
         
 -  -    
 ,     ( , ,  )
 ,  (,   ,  )  
 
 ?

              
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
          
 
       

 ,   ,     ,    
   
      ,      
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾     
-    ,       :
      
2.
  
  ,    ,         
            
                  -
 - , :
   (, , )    '   
     
󹳣󹳤󹳥 

 
 
 ₹500 
 ,  ₹2000
  

     
    
 

 1% ,  50% 

2008   


,  , 
󼨐󼨑󼨒  

 ,               :
  
 
  
 
    ' 
2.
     ,          ,  
     -            
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
          
  :









?









?
















?
          ,    
 
    '           
     
4.             
:     -        
    ( -     )     
                   1956 
      ,      1987    
 
        ,  
       
  
󷉃󷉄 
 ,  :
                  
 (GDP)  
     ?
          -   
       
 ,   

󹸽  
2.
          :
1.  (K)- , , , 
2.  (L)-   
3.   ()-     
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 


󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
 ,       :
Y = A × F(K, L)
:
Y =  ( GDP)
A = 
K =  
L = 
F =  (K  L    )
  :    '     
       
,    ()  
    
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨   
      :
100  ( )
10  ( )
        10       
     
-   ?    ,    
          
 ,    :          

2.
󹳦󹳤󹳧 
          
 :
  100   
 
  70   
  40   
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾
 ,       (  )      
 
󷃆󹸃󹸄 
           "  "    , 
      
:
   
     ,        
       -     -    
  :
 = 
        
      
󺚽󺚾󺛂󺛃󺚿󺛀󺛁     
         :
"           "
          
 :
          8    ,
      
 ,    ,  (A)       
2.
󹳣󹳤󹳥  
󹲣󼩪󼩫󼩬󼩭󼩲󼩳󼩮󼩯󼩰󼩱 
     ( ,  )
       
      
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨
      
 
  ,      
     , ,        
 
󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚    
1.      :
o   1950           
o    ,        
o ,    -   ,      
o      :    ()   
    ,       

2.    :
o 1991  ,             
o    , ,       

o ,           
o      :     
 A 
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂    
1.   (   
)
2.  '   ( K  L →  )
2.
3.      
4.        
5.      
󺫦󺫤󺫥󺫧 
1.       
  (),   
    
 
2.           (,   )   
3.      ,  
4.  ,    '    ,     

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾

󷃆󼽢   

     
     
  (K)
󷃆󼽢
󽅂
 (L)
󷃆󼽢
󽅂
 ()
󷃆󼽢
󷃆󼽢
          
     

   

      
 -      
            , ,
   
 
5          
:        -      
2.
󼨐󼨑󼨒  
     ,   :
   ?
      
?
󷆫󷆪
                    
      :
 
 
    
      :       ?  
          '     ?
         
 :
    -    
     -   '    , --

    
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤  
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳 
              - ,
, , , ,       
  

 ,      -  
󼏨󼏩󼏪󼏫󼏬󷸓󼏭󼏮󷸕󼏯󷸖󼏰󼏱󼏲󼏳󼏴   
   
          5  :
, , ,   
,  
         ,     
 
    
,  
        
 
2.
󷪳󷪴󷪵󷪸󷪹󷪺󷪻󷪼󷪽󷪾󷪿󷪶󷪷 
1960         ,      
               
  
󷃆󼽢   
  (, , )   
   
    
  '  
 
      
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
           
      "   " -     
   -     
  ,            ,  
      
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
     
      
   
 
  '   
 
󽅂 
      
      
 
       
󹴡󹴬󹴭  
2.
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳 
           ,     
          
      , 
  (  , ,  )
'            
󼏨󼏩󼏪󼏫󼏬󷸓󼏭󼏮󷸕󼏯󷸖󼏰󼏱󼏲󼏳󼏴  
        , 
     '
      , 
  '        
       ,         
      

       -       
     
󷪳󷪴󷪵󷪸󷪹󷪺󷪻󷪼󷪽󷪾󷪿󷪶󷪷 
1980           '     
      ,        ,   
  
󷃆󼽢   
  '   
           
      
     
           
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
  .   
        
:      ,     ,  
     
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
        
   
2.
    
       
󽅂 
     
    
      
     
  '       
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫  

  
  


  
  
 
  
 

 
  

   

 
,  (  )
  

 (  )

  
      

󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨  
      
     '   
        ,       
    ,     ,       - 
         
2.
6.      -      
:󼨐󼨑󼨒
        1960      
             '     
             ,      
   
   :           , 
   ()  ,    (    ),     
 (-),   
  (   ),        
      (  '   )  ,     

      5        
 
󼨻󼨼   
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂  
    '  
        
     

  ,     -    
󷻂󷻃󷻄󷻅󷻆󷻇󷻈󷻉󷻀󷻁󻯊󻯋󼊵󼊶󻯌󷻑󻯍󼊷󼊸󷻕󷻖󷻚󷻛󷻗󼊳󻯎󻯏󻯐󼊴󼊹󷻋󷻌 
                  

         
  - 
        
󷨤󷨪󷨥󷨦󷨧󷨨󷨩  
               
              ,  
    

󷃆󹸊󹸋  
󼿝󼿞󼿟  
2.
          

     
,  ,       
        
     
 
󹺊  
                 

                
                  , 
   
󷆰 
 , 1947    ,    (   ),  
             -     
 
󺚽󺚾󺛂󺛃󺚿󺛀󺛁  
󹺁󹺂  
     
    
   ()    
      
    
󹳣󹳤󹳥  
  
 ,              
              
           
  
1960-70            , -
            , 
,   
2.
󷧺󷧻󷧼󷧽󷨀󷧾󷧿   
󹲟󹲠󹲡󹲢  
     -      
       
  ,    
      
 -    (  '  
)
󷅤󷨉󷅔󷅥󷅦󷅗󷨊󷅘󷨋󷨌󷨍󷅙󷨎󷅚󷆃  
,              , , 
,     -          
              
󷪳󷪴󷪵󷪸󷪹󷪺󷪻󷪼󷪽󷪾󷪿󷪶󷪷
1990-2000          ,   
      "  "  
󹱰󹱱󹱲󹱴󹱳 
󷓠󷓡󷓢󷓣󷓤󷓥󷓨󷓩󷓪󷓫󷓦󷓧󷓬  
    
 ,        
  (  .., -, )      
 ,     '      
󺪧󺪨󺪩󺪪  
               ,  
  ,  
        , , 
    
  
, ,        '   ,
,                
2.
󷃆󹸊󹸋   

 
   
 
1
 
,   
1947    
2
    -

   ,  
    
3

    
  (1960 
)
4
  

   

 (1990–2000 
)
5
   
 ,  

, 
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
         

  , ,         
 , ,      '    

 
               
 '  
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷
               -- 
             , - 
 ,   ,    ,      -
    
,  ,       , 
  
               
 ,         
2.
-
7.     -   ?
:󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹   
         ,          

󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 
         , , ,    
                
    
           ,   
   ,             

󷧺󷧻󷧼󷧽󷨀󷧾󷧿    
        ,            
      ,  :
  󷬠󷬡󷬢󷬣󷬤󷬥󷬦󷬧󷬨󷬩󷬪󷬯󷬫󷬬󷬭󷬮
  󷨲󷨳󷨸󷨴󷨵󷨶󷨷
  󼩣󼩤󼩥󼩦󼩧󼩨󼩩
     󺩉󺩊󺩋󺩌󺩍󺩏󺩎
  󹱼󹱽󹱿󹲀󹱾
,     ?
          ,       ,     
       
     -        ,    
    ,      
󹱩󹱪 

        
2.
    
        
      
 
  -        
 
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 
1. 
      
            
 ,   
    
󹻂 
 
  ₹1000 
   ₹200    ,  
     
    ,          ,   
   
󹻂
      GDP   30%        ₹100 
      ,  ₹30 ,      

2.  
       
   
 
,  ,      
         (   ,  ,
)
󹻂 
             50,000    
     
󹻂 
2.
         ₹1000/ 
  1  , 
     
        !
3.    /  
    , , ,      
:
     
       
󹻂 
                
󹻂
 ,         40%    
 
4.  / 
       :
 󺫯󺫰󺫹󺫱󺫲󺫳󺫴󺫵󺫶󺫺󺫷󺫻󺫸
 󺛭󺛮󺛯󺛰󺛱󺛲󺛳
  󽄌󽄍󽄎󽄏
  󷪛󷪜󷪝󷪞󷪟󷪠󷪢󷪡
 󷩦󷩧󷩨󷩩󷩪󷩫󷩬󷩭󷩮
   
   :


 

󹻂 
        
       ,
   
  -      
2.
󹻂
 ,         20%   
5.      
   (-  )         
   
          
󹻂 
             -   ,
   
       
󹻂
2022 ,      ₹120    ,     
   
6.  
     ,        
   :
 (  )-    
    

... (  )-        

󹻂 
          FDI  -     
󹻂
 2023-24   70       
7.    
   
   :
  (  )
2.
  (  )
   ,         
󹻂 
        ₹10,000       
        
8.      
         :
 
IMF (  )
  
󹻂 
               

9.     
            '    
󹻂 
    NBFC           
,  ,     
10. -     
  ,     -   
      
    
󹻂
  10      ₹100/ 
  6  ,   
   ₹3000       
 ,   ,   
   
   '    
2.
󼨐󼨑󼨒    
  
                 - 
    
   -       
    , 
       :
   󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂
         󹶯󹶲󹶳󹶰󹶱󹶴
    󷕘󷕙󷕚
         ,    
             
     
8.                 ?
:󷃆󼽢   
  -   , -       

        ,        
 ,       
,    , -    
󷆯󷆮   
      :
󹻂
                 , 
        
 ,   ()   

      - 140  (1.4 )      50%   
                 
    ,    

 , 
           (, ,  ) 
 
2.
󺫦󺫤󺫥󺫧  
1. -  
       
     
 :   ,     ,  

2. -  
       
       
 :      ,    ,
     
󷃆󼽢 
󷃆󼽢- 
  ,         -   
 

󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂    
                    
  ,   100  
       10     
 
   ( -)  ,   10      
    5   '   
   -   ,   50       
    
  -         ?
󷃆󽅕

   ,      , -   

2.
󹳣󹳤󹳥 
1.      (2024):
o       500  
o  ,              
2.    (2023):
o     ( 15-29)     15-20% 
o      ,    

3.   :
o        
o  -     
4.     :
o   "  "       
 
o  ,     (MSMEs) 11      
 ,  -     
󷉃󷉄   
1.     
       
-       
        -     
2.   
 
    ,     
 
   ,  ,         
3.         
         

  -   
4.      
     
2.
 ,          
5.      
         
, ,   -       
󽅂 
 :         

 :  10      ,     
   :            
   -  -  ,     

 
󼨐󼨑󼨒   
         1000       
 1:        (-)
: ₹1
  1   
1   1000    
 2:    10    '  (-)
: ₹500   = ₹5000
2   1000  
 
 ,       ,    ?
󷃆󽅕
 

󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
  -   , -    
:
     
      -   -    
2.
     
     
    
,          (-
 ) -     , 
       
   
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍
"            ,       
  "
    -       -  
  ,       
"                  

          ,           "